My experience of using Tun Sri Lanang databases would be ‘the most miserable nightmare’ I have ever gone through! I hope it will be the first and the last…Actually it was an experience that taught me to be a patience person because I am not. Before I used TSL databases, actually I have the experience of using Lexis-Nexis database in Tun Abdul Razak Library in Uitm, Shah Alam. But, the difference is, it was much easier on the other words, it was easy to access into the databases. Here, in TSL I found that it was so hard to access into some databases even I have tried so many times.
What I can say about all the databases are, most of the articles and journals that I have found are not very informative for me in order to have better understanding in the topic that I have selected which is ‘The Application of ICT in Language Learning’. This is because most journals and articles are about research and case study, which I am not familiar with. But, I confess that this kind of articles is actually helping us to be creative, as the information is not spoon-fed to us.
Frankly speaking, using wikipedia, yahoo and google are much easier as they have no specification in searching for the information that I need as well as they have wider information. For example, yahoo. Just type anything and the results will appear. However, for the TSL databases, I typed the title and frequent answers are ‘No Match Found’ or ‘0 result found’.
At last, with all the efforts and patience I managed to find information on the Application of ICT in Language Learning from three different databases, which are Ebscohost, Emerald and Proquest.
My Understanding
All the information discusses about their researches on how the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in language learning is facilitating the learners. The existence of ICT has created an invention to the learning process. Basically, ICT provides the language learners with many choices. For the English language learner, they can learn English via ESL website. Online learning allows students to feel more relaxed as they are directly facing the monitor instead of the whole class when answering the given task. In addition, the learning process is only between students themselves and the computer and this will make them more comfortable when make mistakes. Online learning encourages the students to write as well as to read. This is because everything demonstrated on the screen must be read and this indirectly will enhance the writing and reading skills. Besides enhancing the language proficiency, it will also improve our organisation skill in using ICT, make us alert on the issues surrounding as well as computer literacy. The usage of ICT is becoming part and parcel of the education system nowadays. It can be seen that an ICT-based activity is being urged as an essential learning tool. Just like what I am doing now!!
Tuesday, March 27, 2007
Tuesday, March 20, 2007
It is all about BLOG!
The Gist of the Blogging and Trainee Teachers’ Professional Development Article
Based on the reading on the Blogging and Trainee Teachers’ Professional Development article it can be summarized that blogging is a reflection for professional development that provides the trainee teachers a first-hand experience of using computer-mediated applications and develops their confidence in using the Internet as a resource for teaching and learning.
My understanding about Blogging
A blog is a web page that serves as a publicly accessible personal journal for an individual. Blogging has brought interest in learners to write because it urges them to write again and again. From this, it is clearly can be seen that blogging is a method to express people’s thought freely without using any verbal communication. This is a very effective way for those who are not confident enough to convey and express their thoughts and feelings. Perhaps in verbal communication, when you express your thought some outspoken people might object your opinion easily in front of you and of course it is such a shame for you. However, blogging is different. Yes, it is true that some people might comment on your thought but doesn’t it more polite and comfortable way? So, now can you see the significance of blogging? Clearly, blogging is significant on its own way. Here I have listed a few significances or advantages of blogging:
· Blogging urges people to write as well as me and this will facilitate the writing skill to be improved.
· Blogging is a medium to express thoughts, feelings, experiences, dreams, ideas, and desires freely and it is helping in enhancing our self-confidence as well.
Applications of blogging:
· Blogging is using in education. It has become prevalent in facilitating on campus course as what I am learning now in UKM.
· Unbelievable! You can make money in blogging. Blogging can be applied in a business area too. For instance, you can publish your business freely in a form of forum or online discussion.
· Besides, it can be used for your personal diary. You can freely express your miserable, anger, delighted, sad and whatever feelings you really want to release.
· Blogging enlarges your communication as you are sharing opinions, comments, knowledge and information.
However, everything that is created by human being has its own boon and bane. Positively, blogging is beneficial to the society nowadays. If we think deeply, blogging itself does not bring any disadvantage to us. Nevertheless, it is just us the human being that make the blogging activity unbeneficial. Here are some the advantages of blogging:
· Most people do not have very much to say and unable to write down their ideas in a clear manner as if that they have been forced to do so.
· The people who have most time to write have least to say, and the people who have most to say do not have enough time to write. Thus, the real expertise lays hidden and the quality of information that you get can be denied.
· Blogs are easy to start but hard to maintain. Writing coherently is one of the most difficult and time consuming task for a human being to undertake.
My Experience on Blogging
As to be frankly, at first I felt blogging such a waste of time and I am bored with it. But this because I do not know what is blogging all about and I found it is complicated to create a blog as well as to maintain it. However, it is actually such an interesting activity that teaches me to be a creative and innovative person. Of course, it does help me to improve my writing and typing skills. By the way, my typing skill is getting better. For writing aspect, it teaches me how to write a communicative writing. For me, the writing in the blog must be very communicative in order not to make the readers bored and to create a conversation environment. Besides, it facilitates me to be more alert and up-to-date with the social issues around me so that I can convey my opinion in a very informative way. It also enhances my language. When I get to know further about blogging, I feel so excited as I am learning something new that makes me more aware to this cyber world. One more thing is I am so excited to see my writing in the web. I feel proud of myself as from zero knowledge about blog and doing it without any interest, by hook or by crook I still manage to accomplish it. This is really valuable knowledge that I have got in my life. So, what are you waiting for? Come on, try and feel the venture!!!
Based on the reading on the Blogging and Trainee Teachers’ Professional Development article it can be summarized that blogging is a reflection for professional development that provides the trainee teachers a first-hand experience of using computer-mediated applications and develops their confidence in using the Internet as a resource for teaching and learning.
My understanding about Blogging
A blog is a web page that serves as a publicly accessible personal journal for an individual. Blogging has brought interest in learners to write because it urges them to write again and again. From this, it is clearly can be seen that blogging is a method to express people’s thought freely without using any verbal communication. This is a very effective way for those who are not confident enough to convey and express their thoughts and feelings. Perhaps in verbal communication, when you express your thought some outspoken people might object your opinion easily in front of you and of course it is such a shame for you. However, blogging is different. Yes, it is true that some people might comment on your thought but doesn’t it more polite and comfortable way? So, now can you see the significance of blogging? Clearly, blogging is significant on its own way. Here I have listed a few significances or advantages of blogging:
· Blogging urges people to write as well as me and this will facilitate the writing skill to be improved.
· Blogging is a medium to express thoughts, feelings, experiences, dreams, ideas, and desires freely and it is helping in enhancing our self-confidence as well.
Applications of blogging:
· Blogging is using in education. It has become prevalent in facilitating on campus course as what I am learning now in UKM.
· Unbelievable! You can make money in blogging. Blogging can be applied in a business area too. For instance, you can publish your business freely in a form of forum or online discussion.
· Besides, it can be used for your personal diary. You can freely express your miserable, anger, delighted, sad and whatever feelings you really want to release.
· Blogging enlarges your communication as you are sharing opinions, comments, knowledge and information.
However, everything that is created by human being has its own boon and bane. Positively, blogging is beneficial to the society nowadays. If we think deeply, blogging itself does not bring any disadvantage to us. Nevertheless, it is just us the human being that make the blogging activity unbeneficial. Here are some the advantages of blogging:
· Most people do not have very much to say and unable to write down their ideas in a clear manner as if that they have been forced to do so.
· The people who have most time to write have least to say, and the people who have most to say do not have enough time to write. Thus, the real expertise lays hidden and the quality of information that you get can be denied.
· Blogs are easy to start but hard to maintain. Writing coherently is one of the most difficult and time consuming task for a human being to undertake.
My Experience on Blogging
As to be frankly, at first I felt blogging such a waste of time and I am bored with it. But this because I do not know what is blogging all about and I found it is complicated to create a blog as well as to maintain it. However, it is actually such an interesting activity that teaches me to be a creative and innovative person. Of course, it does help me to improve my writing and typing skills. By the way, my typing skill is getting better. For writing aspect, it teaches me how to write a communicative writing. For me, the writing in the blog must be very communicative in order not to make the readers bored and to create a conversation environment. Besides, it facilitates me to be more alert and up-to-date with the social issues around me so that I can convey my opinion in a very informative way. It also enhances my language. When I get to know further about blogging, I feel so excited as I am learning something new that makes me more aware to this cyber world. One more thing is I am so excited to see my writing in the web. I feel proud of myself as from zero knowledge about blog and doing it without any interest, by hook or by crook I still manage to accomplish it. This is really valuable knowledge that I have got in my life. So, what are you waiting for? Come on, try and feel the venture!!!
Wednesday, March 14, 2007
concordances
BEYOND CONCORDANCE LINES: USING CONCORDANCES TO INVESTIGATE LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Concordance is the listing of keywords in context. It is used to analyse the text and suitable for those want to study texts closely or analyze language in depth.Beyond concordance lines. Using concordances to investigate language development.
The article written by Arshad Abd Samad is all about now concordances are used to investigate language development. According to Woolard, 2000, the language corpus has commonly been used as the basis of dictionaries and teaching materials. However, its use is now improved by the easy availability of concordance software for instance Wordssmith, Monocunc Pro, and Microconcord.
During our discussion about concordance, We ( Siti Nuraini Bt Abd Aziz and Zaidatul Bt Ahmad) have agreed that these software help in the tedious task of analyzing language data and greatly extend the potential of a corpus in language pedagogy. It facilitates us to inform on how words and grammatical construction are used. Schmitt said that the benefit of using a corpus in language teaching and learning is that it helps students to look at the systematicity of language as an interesting linguistic puzzle rather than a set of boring rules to be memorized. Practitioners in linguistic has develop a new software called RANGE. In the Malaysian context, the use and analysis of language corpora has been somewhat limited. Therefore, two more recent efforts which are the Malaysian learner’s corpus have been developed by University Malaya and the English of Malaysian school students or EMAS corpus from University Putra Malaysia. This article investigates language development based on data in the EMAS corpus using language production and lexical variety as indicators of development.
The EMAS corpus used in this study was collected in 2002 and consists of close to half a million words. It contains written data in the form of three essays written by about 800 students which were from year 5 of primary school, form 1, and form 4 of secondary school that considered as being above average in English language proficiency. The first essay was based on picture series and was administered by the researchers during visits to school. The second essay was an essay entitled “the happiest day of my life” which teachers of the selected schools administered to the respondents. The major criteria in choosing the topic for the essay was the amount of language the topics could elicit.
There are various can be used to determine language development for example, focus on specific target structures and examine the acquisition of this structures over a period of time. The available data in the EMAS corpus is cross sectional. The language productivity and vocabulary used by the students examine the developmental patterns. Language productivity refers to the amount of language produce while vocabulary includes the sophistication of the vocabulary.
In this article, productivity means the number of sentences per essay and the words per sentences produced by the students. This is to examine language development. It is shown that there is a gradual increase in the number of sentences, sentences per essay and words per essay from the primary 5 to form 4 levels. From the table given, it shows that older students produce longer essay, as well as longer and more complex sentences.
The diversity of the vocabulary used in the corpus is often determined by calculating the type to token ratio. A larger type to token ratio is interpreted as an indication of a wider range of a language use. Students tend not to use uncommon words frequently. Therefore, with possible value of 0 to 100, a higher type to token ratio suggests that the learners are using many uncommon words. On the other hand, lower ratio may state an over reliance on a limited set of words. Based on the table shown, the type to token ratio gradually increases from the lower to the higher age groups. This reflects the older respondents use a wider range of vocabulary. A possible reason for the low type to token ratio is the nature of the written texts itself. For instance, narration based on the pictures sequence may require constant reference to objects in the sequence and this may partially contribute to the low ratios. Very often, the same words are used by many respondents with the same picture series. The average amount of type was calculated by first counting the number of words with a frequency higher than or equal to the number of respondents in each age level. They were 14, 27, and 54 such words for the primary 5, form 1, and form 4 students respectively. The words “the”, “he”, “river” and “girls” are known as the high frequency words. EMAS corpus also retained the students’ spelling and grammatical errors. Nonsensical words and proper names were excluded from the data. Misspelled words were corrected and counted as the parts of the data.
By using specialized software, the sophistication of the vocabulary can be determined that gives an indication of the kind of vocabulary that used. The first base list includes the most frequent 1000 words in English, followed by the second most frequent 1000 words, and lastly words not in the first 2000 words in the two previous lists but a frequent in upper secondary and university levels. Based on the EMAS sub corpus of picture essays, the frequencies and percentage reflect a clear development in the sophistication of vocabulary used. The older age groups tend to use a wider range of words and the words they used are also more sophisticated.
To sum up, although concordance software can be used to help analyze the language data available, many may still be easily disturbed by the huge amount of data available. This article has attempted to present the relevant of corpus data in inspecting language development without having to analyze concordance lines.Based on all of the summarization, we can see that the concordance is used to make index and word list, count words frequencies, compare different usage of a word, analyze keywords, find phrases and idioms and lastly publish to the web.
Based on the summary of concordance article, here is the analysis of some listing keywords in context (KWIC):
Based on the analysis, we found that “A” can occur before a noun, adjective, adverb.
“A” occurs before a noun for 21 times. For the examples: a minute before, a lad like him, a downfall of snow.
“A” occurs before an adjective for 10 times. For examples: a clever lad, a good opinion, a pretty quick pace.
“A” occurs before an adverb for 2 times which are a kind of shepherd, a piece of rock.
Based on the analysis, we found that “about” usually occurs before a determiner, pronoun, conjunction, noun, preposition, and adverb, adjective.
“About” occurs before determiner for 4 times. For examples: about the house, “about” occurs before the determiner and noun follows the determiner.
“About” occurs before pronoun for 2 times. For example: about him, “him” as the pronoun occurs after “about”.
“About” occurs before conjunction for 2 times. For example: about the farm and he would take. “About” occurs before the determiner and conjunction follows the noun which is “farm”.
“About” occurs before noun for 6 times. For example: about sixteen. Sixteen functions as the noun and it occur after “about”.
“About” occurs before preposition for 2 times. For example: about in wild alarm. “In” as the preposition occurs after “about”.
“About” occurs before adverb for 1 time. For example: about just now.
“About” occurs before adjective for 1 time. For example: about in wild alarm and “wild” is the adjective.
Concordance is the listing of keywords in context. It is used to analyse the text and suitable for those want to study texts closely or analyze language in depth.Beyond concordance lines. Using concordances to investigate language development.
The article written by Arshad Abd Samad is all about now concordances are used to investigate language development. According to Woolard, 2000, the language corpus has commonly been used as the basis of dictionaries and teaching materials. However, its use is now improved by the easy availability of concordance software for instance Wordssmith, Monocunc Pro, and Microconcord.
During our discussion about concordance, We ( Siti Nuraini Bt Abd Aziz and Zaidatul Bt Ahmad) have agreed that these software help in the tedious task of analyzing language data and greatly extend the potential of a corpus in language pedagogy. It facilitates us to inform on how words and grammatical construction are used. Schmitt said that the benefit of using a corpus in language teaching and learning is that it helps students to look at the systematicity of language as an interesting linguistic puzzle rather than a set of boring rules to be memorized. Practitioners in linguistic has develop a new software called RANGE. In the Malaysian context, the use and analysis of language corpora has been somewhat limited. Therefore, two more recent efforts which are the Malaysian learner’s corpus have been developed by University Malaya and the English of Malaysian school students or EMAS corpus from University Putra Malaysia. This article investigates language development based on data in the EMAS corpus using language production and lexical variety as indicators of development.
The EMAS corpus used in this study was collected in 2002 and consists of close to half a million words. It contains written data in the form of three essays written by about 800 students which were from year 5 of primary school, form 1, and form 4 of secondary school that considered as being above average in English language proficiency. The first essay was based on picture series and was administered by the researchers during visits to school. The second essay was an essay entitled “the happiest day of my life” which teachers of the selected schools administered to the respondents. The major criteria in choosing the topic for the essay was the amount of language the topics could elicit.
There are various can be used to determine language development for example, focus on specific target structures and examine the acquisition of this structures over a period of time. The available data in the EMAS corpus is cross sectional. The language productivity and vocabulary used by the students examine the developmental patterns. Language productivity refers to the amount of language produce while vocabulary includes the sophistication of the vocabulary.
In this article, productivity means the number of sentences per essay and the words per sentences produced by the students. This is to examine language development. It is shown that there is a gradual increase in the number of sentences, sentences per essay and words per essay from the primary 5 to form 4 levels. From the table given, it shows that older students produce longer essay, as well as longer and more complex sentences.
The diversity of the vocabulary used in the corpus is often determined by calculating the type to token ratio. A larger type to token ratio is interpreted as an indication of a wider range of a language use. Students tend not to use uncommon words frequently. Therefore, with possible value of 0 to 100, a higher type to token ratio suggests that the learners are using many uncommon words. On the other hand, lower ratio may state an over reliance on a limited set of words. Based on the table shown, the type to token ratio gradually increases from the lower to the higher age groups. This reflects the older respondents use a wider range of vocabulary. A possible reason for the low type to token ratio is the nature of the written texts itself. For instance, narration based on the pictures sequence may require constant reference to objects in the sequence and this may partially contribute to the low ratios. Very often, the same words are used by many respondents with the same picture series. The average amount of type was calculated by first counting the number of words with a frequency higher than or equal to the number of respondents in each age level. They were 14, 27, and 54 such words for the primary 5, form 1, and form 4 students respectively. The words “the”, “he”, “river” and “girls” are known as the high frequency words. EMAS corpus also retained the students’ spelling and grammatical errors. Nonsensical words and proper names were excluded from the data. Misspelled words were corrected and counted as the parts of the data.
By using specialized software, the sophistication of the vocabulary can be determined that gives an indication of the kind of vocabulary that used. The first base list includes the most frequent 1000 words in English, followed by the second most frequent 1000 words, and lastly words not in the first 2000 words in the two previous lists but a frequent in upper secondary and university levels. Based on the EMAS sub corpus of picture essays, the frequencies and percentage reflect a clear development in the sophistication of vocabulary used. The older age groups tend to use a wider range of words and the words they used are also more sophisticated.
To sum up, although concordance software can be used to help analyze the language data available, many may still be easily disturbed by the huge amount of data available. This article has attempted to present the relevant of corpus data in inspecting language development without having to analyze concordance lines.Based on all of the summarization, we can see that the concordance is used to make index and word list, count words frequencies, compare different usage of a word, analyze keywords, find phrases and idioms and lastly publish to the web.
Based on the summary of concordance article, here is the analysis of some listing keywords in context (KWIC):
Based on the analysis, we found that “A” can occur before a noun, adjective, adverb.
“A” occurs before a noun for 21 times. For the examples: a minute before, a lad like him, a downfall of snow.
“A” occurs before an adjective for 10 times. For examples: a clever lad, a good opinion, a pretty quick pace.
“A” occurs before an adverb for 2 times which are a kind of shepherd, a piece of rock.
Based on the analysis, we found that “about” usually occurs before a determiner, pronoun, conjunction, noun, preposition, and adverb, adjective.
“About” occurs before determiner for 4 times. For examples: about the house, “about” occurs before the determiner and noun follows the determiner.
“About” occurs before pronoun for 2 times. For example: about him, “him” as the pronoun occurs after “about”.
“About” occurs before conjunction for 2 times. For example: about the farm and he would take. “About” occurs before the determiner and conjunction follows the noun which is “farm”.
“About” occurs before noun for 6 times. For example: about sixteen. Sixteen functions as the noun and it occur after “about”.
“About” occurs before preposition for 2 times. For example: about in wild alarm. “In” as the preposition occurs after “about”.
“About” occurs before adverb for 1 time. For example: about just now.
“About” occurs before adjective for 1 time. For example: about in wild alarm and “wild” is the adjective.
Wednesday, March 7, 2007
Similarities and differences in sms, email, and chat language
Nowadays, chat, e-mail and sms have become our common tool of communication. These three tools have the equal importance to the society especially in a form of entertainment. Even though chat, sms and e-mail have become as a part and parcel of our life yet, we are not aware of them and just take for granted. If you observe what their functions are and take into account what are their effects, you will come up with unpredictable results. Unbelievable, chat, e-mail and sms have affected us socially especially our language.
The used of chat, e-mail and sms have clearly affected our language. But, there are still differences and similarities between chat, e-mail and sms language. Before I clarify about how they affect language, I will explain briefly the similarities and differences between chat, sms and e-mail technically. Firstly, chat is a program that permits for a one on one text chat with another person on the internet in a real time. Online chat is a synchronous conferencing in an internet chat room where the casual conversation or gossip is held. Secondly, e-mail is a store and forward method of composing, sending, storing and receiving messages over electronic communication system. Lastly, sms is a service available on most digital mobile phones that allows the sending of short messages between mobile phones. As from the definition itself we are able to see the differences and the similarities.
As we known, in order to send and receive e-mail, we need to have an internet connection and e-mail account. This way is totally differed from sms because to send and receive sms we need to have phone number on any mobile provider. But, for chat you need to have online friends which are connected to the internet at the same time with you. This shows that e-mail has an asynchronous character compare to sms and chat which are synchronous. Other differences that we can see is that sms message are limited to between 80 to 500 characters depending on the service provider. A typical sms message weighs in at about 160 characters. On the other hand, chatting only involves text and numeral display but the message or the words send are not limited. Moreover, refers to cost effective, sms is more convenient for it costs less compare to e-mail and chat which they need to pay more because of the network used along with an internet access. Besides that, sms is more practical compare to e-mail and chat. Practical here means sms is easier as we can message anytime for example while waiting for the bus and anywhere even in the toilet depends on its coverage and network. These are some technical similarities and differences between e-mail, chat and sms.
Now, let’s look at how language is affected by chat, e-mail and sms. Language of chat, e-mail and sms do not bound to any writing’s rules and regulations. Chat, e-mail and sms share same characteristics in term of language. The characteristics are:
a) salutation: sender used improper and informal salutations even in chat, e-mail
and sms depend on their moods.
b) code switching: in multi races country of course there will be many code
switching used in these three types of communication
c) smileys: interference of smileys in chat, e-mail and sms is a must.
d) there are many non-standard spelling for instance ‘d’ which is ‘the’,
'gal’ which is ‘girl’.
e) many contracted forms such as I’ve, She’s.
f) shortforms: the language used in these three types of communication consist
of many shortcuts. However, some of the shortcuts or shortforms may turn to be acronyms
or symbols. For instance, CUL as if in See You Later, IMO as if in In My Opinion and etc are
acronyms as they are shortforms that pronouncable. Other shortcuts that turn to become
symbols are BRB( be right back), CUL ( see you later), IMO (In my opinion) and etc.
g) the language used in chat, e-mail and sms are simple and improper. They
seem not to bound to any grammar rules.The language is more concise and
precise as if to be more straight to the point.
h) trailing dots: chat, e-mail and sms used many trailing dots depends on the user to convey
their feelings, mood and etc.
The only difference is:
a) E-mail and sms can be used in a formal way for instance to send invitation.
b) Chat is only used as the mean of communication and entertainment. Never used chat to
communicate formally.
As a conclusion, I really hope that with this information given will make us aware that sometimes technology not only do contribute to the development of the country economically but socially as well.
The used of chat, e-mail and sms have clearly affected our language. But, there are still differences and similarities between chat, e-mail and sms language. Before I clarify about how they affect language, I will explain briefly the similarities and differences between chat, sms and e-mail technically. Firstly, chat is a program that permits for a one on one text chat with another person on the internet in a real time. Online chat is a synchronous conferencing in an internet chat room where the casual conversation or gossip is held. Secondly, e-mail is a store and forward method of composing, sending, storing and receiving messages over electronic communication system. Lastly, sms is a service available on most digital mobile phones that allows the sending of short messages between mobile phones. As from the definition itself we are able to see the differences and the similarities.
As we known, in order to send and receive e-mail, we need to have an internet connection and e-mail account. This way is totally differed from sms because to send and receive sms we need to have phone number on any mobile provider. But, for chat you need to have online friends which are connected to the internet at the same time with you. This shows that e-mail has an asynchronous character compare to sms and chat which are synchronous. Other differences that we can see is that sms message are limited to between 80 to 500 characters depending on the service provider. A typical sms message weighs in at about 160 characters. On the other hand, chatting only involves text and numeral display but the message or the words send are not limited. Moreover, refers to cost effective, sms is more convenient for it costs less compare to e-mail and chat which they need to pay more because of the network used along with an internet access. Besides that, sms is more practical compare to e-mail and chat. Practical here means sms is easier as we can message anytime for example while waiting for the bus and anywhere even in the toilet depends on its coverage and network. These are some technical similarities and differences between e-mail, chat and sms.
Now, let’s look at how language is affected by chat, e-mail and sms. Language of chat, e-mail and sms do not bound to any writing’s rules and regulations. Chat, e-mail and sms share same characteristics in term of language. The characteristics are:
a) salutation: sender used improper and informal salutations even in chat, e-mail
and sms depend on their moods.
b) code switching: in multi races country of course there will be many code
switching used in these three types of communication
c) smileys: interference of smileys in chat, e-mail and sms is a must.
d) there are many non-standard spelling for instance ‘d’ which is ‘the’,
'gal’ which is ‘girl’.
e) many contracted forms such as I’ve, She’s.
f) shortforms: the language used in these three types of communication consist
of many shortcuts. However, some of the shortcuts or shortforms may turn to be acronyms
or symbols. For instance, CUL as if in See You Later, IMO as if in In My Opinion and etc are
acronyms as they are shortforms that pronouncable. Other shortcuts that turn to become
symbols are BRB( be right back), CUL ( see you later), IMO (In my opinion) and etc.
g) the language used in chat, e-mail and sms are simple and improper. They
seem not to bound to any grammar rules.The language is more concise and
precise as if to be more straight to the point.
h) trailing dots: chat, e-mail and sms used many trailing dots depends on the user to convey
their feelings, mood and etc.
The only difference is:
a) E-mail and sms can be used in a formal way for instance to send invitation.
b) Chat is only used as the mean of communication and entertainment. Never used chat to
communicate formally.
As a conclusion, I really hope that with this information given will make us aware that sometimes technology not only do contribute to the development of the country economically but socially as well.
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